Roads Not Taken: The Struggle of Opposition Parties in Twentieth-Century China by unknow

Author:unknow
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Social Science, Political Science, World, Asian, Regional Studies
ISBN: 9780813386195
Google: 9h-eDwAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 765095
Publisher: Westview Press
Published: 1992-11-12T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1. Chiang Kai-shek, "Jiang Jieshi zai zhengzhi xieshang huiyi shang zhi kaihui yici" (Chiang Kai-shek's Opening Address in the Political Consultative Conference), Xinhua ribao, 11 January 1946; cited in Guogong tanpan wenxian ziliao xuanji, 1945.8-1947.3 (Selected Documentary Materials Concerning the Negotiations Between the Nationalists and the Communists, August 1945-March 1947) (Nanjing, 1980), 39. This section of Chiang's speech is omitted in Xianzongtong Jiang gong sixiang yanlun zongji (The Complete Thought and Speeches of the Late President Chiang [Kai-shek]), (Taibei, 1984), 21: 229.

2. Another of these associations was the Chinese Radical Party. It was created by Zhong Shuren in Hong Kong in February 1947, based on the local Triads, and had the active participation of émigré youths. It stood for moderate reforms, with bourgeois democracy its goal.

3. This party was established by the Hong Men secret society, which was largely active in the Chinese diaspora following the 1911 Revolution. Branches in the U.S. included the Jinlan gongsuo, Daquan she, Hongshun tang, and Zhigong tang. The Justice Party emerged from the Zhigong tang. Its first congress was held in San Francisco in 1925, with Chen Jingcun and Situ Meitang as the main organizers. Chen Jiongming, a notorious figure in Chinese politics, was elected president of the party and guided its headquarters in Hong Kong, where he resided after his 1925 defeat in Guangdong. Chen formulated a theory of Chinese socialism or "three principles of construction" (for China, Asia and the world). He insisted that the socialization of property, administration, and consumption in China would lead to the emergence of a new and united nation. The peoples of Asia, fecundated by the life-giving forces of Chinese culture, would constitute the axis of world development. The worldwide dissemination of the fruits of the Chinese spirit would inevitably push mankind along the path of peace and progress. Zong Zhiwen and Zhu Xinquan, eds., Minguo renwu zhuan (Biographies of Republican Figures) (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1981), 3: 168; Howard L. Boorman and Richard C. Howard, eds., Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, 4 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 1:179; Liu Shaotang, ed., Minguo renwu xiaozhuan (Biographical Sketches of Republican Figures) (Taibei: Zhuanji wenxue chubanshe, 1977), 1:188; Shen Yunlong, "Youguan Chen Jiongming pan Sun de ziliao" (Materials Concerning Chen Jiongming's Rebellion Against Sun [Yat-sen]), Zhuanji wenxue 32, no. 4 (1978): 81-82. The Second Congress decided the party would play a leading role in relations with the Hong Men societies (yi dang zhi tang or "use the party to control the lodges").

After the death of Chen in 1933, the Hong Kong center was taken over by Chen Yansheng. Following Japanese occupation of the colony, the Justice Party existed only outside China. Subsequently, the Hong Men representatives' congress in New York in March 1945 decided to change the name of the party to the Chinese Hong Men Justice Party. Its representatives travelled to China in hopes of defending the interests of overseas Chinese.

Some sources say that Situ Meitang spoke against changing the name of the party on Chinese soil. However, Zhao Yu, influenced by the GMD's CC Clique, insisted.

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